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Hitler s War Agains Polish and Jewish Children

Written By Monday, 16 May 2022 Add Comment Edit

WWII war crimes

Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
PL pomnik rzez woli.jpg

Memorial to the Wola massacre, the systematic killing of around 40,000–fifty,000 Polish civilians and enemy combatants by Nazi German language troops during the Warsaw Uprising of summer 1944
Date 1939–1945
Location Occupied Poland
Crusade Invasion of Poland
Target ethnic Poles, Smoothen Jews
Participants Wehrmacht, Gestapo, SS, Orpo, Selbstschutz, Trawnikis, Sonderdienst, BKA, UPA, TDA
Casualties
Effectually five.470 meg to five.670 meg[a]

Part of a series

World War II casualties of Poland
Earth War II crimes in occupied Poland
Soviet repressions of Shine citizens (1939–46)
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Frg and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland,[1] along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II,[2] consisted of the murder of millions of indigenous Poles and the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. The Nazis justified these genocides on the basis of their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, as well as Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen.

By 1942, the Nazis were implementing their programme to murder every Jew in German-occupied Europe, and had too developed plans to eliminate the Polish people through mass murder, ethnic cleansing, enslavement and extermination through labor, and assimilation into German identity of a small minority of Poles accounted "racially valuable". During World State of war Ii, the Germans not only murdered millions of Poles, just ethnically cleansed millions more than through forced displacement to make room for German settlers (come across Generalplan Ost and Lebensraum ). The genocides claimed the lives of 2.vii to 3 million Polish Jews and one.8 to 2.77 one thousand thousand indigenous Poles, according to Poland'due south Constitute of National Remembrance, which had been established in Warsaw in 1998.[a] [three] [4] These extremely large decease tolls, and the absenteeism of substantial non-Jewish civilian deaths in other occupied European countries such every bit Denmark and France, adjure to Deutschland'south genocidal policies directed against the Poles, according to Timothy Snyder.[5] [ dubious – hash out ]

The genocidal policies of the High german government's colonization plan, Generalplan Ost , were the blueprint for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against the Polish nation from 1939 to 1945.[6] The Nazi primary program entailed the expulsion and mass extermination of some 85 percent (over xx one thousand thousand) of ethnic Poles in Poland, the remaining 15 percent to be turned into slave labor.[seven] In 2000, by an act of the Polish Parliament, broadcasting of knowledge on World War II crimes in Poland by Nazi Frg and the Soviet Marriage was entrusted to the Found of National Remembrance.[viii] [9]

From the start of the war against Poland, Deutschland intended to realize Adolf Hitler'due south plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf , to acquire "living space" (German: Lebensraum) in the eastward for massive settlement of German colonists.[2] [10] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial theories.[11] In the Obersalzberg Oral communication delivered on 22 August 1939, just before the invasion of Poland, Hitler gave explicit permission to his commanders to murder "without compassion or mercy, all men, women, and children of Polish descent or linguistic communication."[12] [13]

Ethnic cleansing was to be conducted systematically against the Smooth people. On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered.[14] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland'due south intelligentsia to the list. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Smoothen specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial circuitous. Subsequently, all Poles will disappear from this world. It is imperative that the peachy German volk consider the elimination of all Smoothen people every bit its chief task."[15] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland".[xiv]

Subsequently Deutschland lost the state of war, the International Armed forces Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland'southward Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of Nazi German policies in Poland – the extermination of Poles and Jews – had "all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term."[xvi] [17]

1939 September Entrada

Less than a year before the outbreak of state of war, on 1 October 1938, the German Regular army rolled into the Sudetenland in accordance with the Munich Understanding. The operation was completed past ten October. Ii weeks later, on 24 October 1938, Ribbentrop summoned Polish ambassador to Berchtesgaden and presented him with Hitler'southward Gesamtlösung regarding the Shine Corridor and the Costless City of Danzig. Ambassador Lipski refused.[xviii] Three days later, the start mass deportation of Polish nationals from Nazi Germany began. It was the eviction of Jews who settled in Germany with Smooth passports. On 9–ten November 1938, the Kristallnacht attack was carried out by the SA paramilitary forces; thousands of Jews holding Shine citizenship were rounded up and sent via rail to the Polish border and to the Nazi concentration camps.[xix] The circular-upward included 2,000 ethnic Poles living and working there.[13]

Also, before the invasion of Poland, the Nazis prepared a detailed list identifying more than 61,000 Polish targets (mostly civilian) by proper name, with the help of the German minority living in the 2nd Polish Republic.[20] The list was printed secretly every bit the 192-page-book called Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen (Special Prosecution Volume–Poland), and composed only of names and birthdates. Information technology included politicians, scholars, actors, intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers, nobility, priests, officers and numerous others – every bit the ways at the disposal of the SS paramilitary death squads aided by Selbstschutz executioners.[21] The first Einsatzgruppen of World State of war II were formed by the SS in the class of the invasion.[21] They were deployed behind the front lines to murder groups of people considered, by virtue of their social status, to be capable of abetting resistance efforts against the Germans.[22] [23] The most widely used lie justifying indiscriminate murders past the mobile death squads was (e'er the same) fabricated-up claim of purported attack on High german forces.[24]

In total, nigh 150,000 to 200,000 Poles lost their lives during the one-calendar month September Campaign of 1939,[25] characterized by the indiscriminate and oftentimes deliberate targeting of noncombatant population by the invading forces.[26] Over 100,000 Poles died in the Luftwaffe 's terror bombing operations, similar those at Wieluń.[27] Massive air raids were conducted on towns which had no military infrastructure.[28] The town of Frampol, near Lublin, was heavily bombed on xiii September as a test subject area for Luftwaffe bombing technique; chosen considering of its grid street program and an easily recognisable fundamental town-hall. Frampol was striking by lxx tonnes of munitions,[29] which destroyed upward to 90% of buildings and killed half of its inhabitants.[xxx] Columns of fleeing refugees were systematically attacked by the German fighter and dive-bomber aircraft.[31]

Amongst the Polish cities and towns bombed at the beginning of war were: Brodnica,[32] Bydgoszcz,[32] Chełm,[32] Ciechanów,[32] Częstochowa,[33] [34] Grodno,[34] Grudziądz,[34] Gdynia,[32] Janów,[32] Jasło,[32] Katowice,[34] Kielce,[34] Kowel,[34] Kraków,[32] [33] Kutno,[32] Lublin,[32] Lwów,[34] Olkusz,[32] Piotrków,[35] Płock,[32] Płońsk,[34] Poznań,[33] [34] Puck,[34] Radom,[32] Radomsko,[34] Sulejów,[35] Warsaw,[33] [34] Wieluń,[32] Wilno, and Zamość.[32] Over 156 towns and villages were attacked by the Luftwaffe.[36] Warsaw suffered particularly severely with a combination of aeriform bombardment and arms burn reducing big parts of the historic centre to rubble,[37] with more 60,000 casualties.[24]

Terror and pacification operations

In the commencement three months of war, from the fall of 1939 until the jump of 1940, some lx,000 old regime officials, military officers in reserve, landowners, clergy, and members of the Polish intelligentsia were executed region past region in the then-chosen Intelligenzaktion,[38] including over 1,000 POWs.[39] [xl] [41] [42] Summary executions of Poles were conducted by all High german forces without exception including, Wehrmacht, Gestapo, the SS and Selbstschutz in violation of international agreements.[43] The mass murders were a part of the secretive Performance Tannenberg, an early on measure of the Generalplan Ost settler colonization. Smoothen Christians also as Jews were either murdered and buried in hastily dug mass graves or sent to prisons and German concentration camps. "Whatever we discover in the shape of an upper form in Poland will be liquidated,"[44] Hitler had ordered.[45] In the Intelligenzaktion Pommern, a regional action in Pomeranian Voivodeship 23,000 Poles were killed.[46] Information technology was connected past the German AB-Aktion operation in Poland in the mid-1940s.[47] The AB-Aktion saw the massacre of Lwów professors and the executions of well-nigh 1,700 Poles in the Palmiry forest. Several 1000 civilian victims were executed or imprisoned. The Einsatzgruppen were as well responsible for the indiscriminate murder of Jews and Poles during the 1941 German language invasion of the Soviet Matrimony.[48]

Declaration of execution of 100 Shine hostages as revenge for bump-off of five German policemen and 1 SS-homo by Armia Krajowa (quote: a Polish "terrorist arrangement in British service"). Warsaw, two October 1943

Communities were collectively punished for the purported Polish counter-attacks against the invading German troops. Mass executions of hostages were conducted nearly every day during the Wehrmacht accelerate across Poland.[50] The locations, dates and numbers include: Starogard (ii September), 190 Poles, 40 of them Jews;[51] Swiekatowo (3 September), 26 Poles;[52] Wieruszów (3 September), xx Poles all Jews.[53] On 4 September 1939 the 42nd Infantry Regiment (46th Infantry Sectionalization) committed the Częstochowa massacre with 1,140 citizens or more (150 of them Jews) murdered in wild shooting actions in several city locations.[b] [54] [55] In Imielin (iv–five September), 28 Poles were murdered;[56] in Kajetanowice (five September), 72 civilians were massacred in revenge for two German horses killed past German friendly fire;[54] Trzebinia (5 September), 97 Polish citizens;[57] Piotrków (5 September), Jewish section of the metropolis was assault fire;[58] Będzin (8 September), two hundred civilians burned to death; near 300 were shot to death in Turek (ix September) [59] Klecko (ix–x September), three hundred citizens executed;[60] Mszadla (10 September), 153 Poles;[61] Gmina Besko (11 September), 21 Poles;[62] Kowalewice (11 September), 23 Poles;[63] Pilica (12 September); 36 Poles, 32 of them Jewish;[64] Olszewo (13 September), 13 people (half of the hamlet) from Olszewo and 10 from nearby Pietkowo including women and children stabbed by bayonets, shot, diddled upward past grenades, and burned alive in a befouled;[65] Mielec (xiii September), 55 Jews burned to death;[59] Piątek (13 September), 50 Poles, vii of them Jews.[64] On xiv–15 September about 900 Smooth Jews in parallel shooting actions in Przemyśl and in Medyka.[64] Roughly at the same time, in Solec (xiv September), 44 Poles killed;[66] before long thereafter in Chojnice, xl Shine citizens;[67] Gmina Klecko, 23 Poles;[68] Bądków, 22 Poles;[69] Dynów, 2 hundred Shine Jews.[70] Public executions continued well across September, including in municipalities such as Wieruszów County,[71] Gmina Besko,[62] Gmina Gidle,[72] Gmina Klecko,[68] Gmina Ryczywół,[73] and Gmina Siennica, among others.[74]

In and around Bydgoszcz, about 10,000 Polish civilians were murdered in the first four months of the occupation (run into Bloody Sun, and the Valley of Death).[75] German Ground forces and Selbstschutz paramilitary units composed of ethnic German Volksdeutsche too participated.[76]

The Nazis took hostages past the thousands at the time of the invasion and throughout their occupation of Poland.[75] [77] Hostages were selected from among the most prominent citizens of occupied cities and villages: priests, professors, doctors, lawyers, as well equally leaders of economic and social organizations and the trade unions. Oftentimes, however, they were chosen at random from all segments of society and for every German killed a group of betwixt 50 and 100 Polish civilians were executed.[75] Well-nigh 20,000 villagers, some of whom were burned alive, were murdered in large-calibration punitive operations targeting rural settlements suspected of aiding the resistance or hiding Jews and other fugitives.[1] 70-v villages were razed in these operations. Poland was the but country in occupied Europe where the penalty for hiding a Jew was expiry for everyone living in the house; other laws were similarly ruthless.[78]

Ethnic cleansing through forced expulsion

Deutschland planned to completely remove the indigenous population of Poland offset with the newly created Reichsgau Wartheland territory in 1939. According to the Lebensraum aim and ideology, formerly Polish lands were to be taken over by the German language armed services and civilian settlers including Eastern European Volksdeutsche. The "Germanizing" of occupied territories by the Reich was repeatedly condemned by Nuremberg Tribunal which stated that the practice of expelling civilians was "non only in defiance of well-established rules of international police force, only in consummate disregard of the unproblematic dictates of humanity."[79] During the occupation of Poland, the number of Poles evicted past the German regime from their homes is estimated at ii,478,000.[80] [81] Upwardly to 928,000 Poles were ethnically cleansed to make mode for the foreign colonists.[82]

The number of displaced Polish nationals in four years of German occupation included: from Warthegau region 630,000 Poles; from Silesia 81,000;[80] from Pomerania 124,000;[lxxx] from Bezirk Białystok 28,000;[80] and from Ciechanów district 25,000 Poles and Jews.[lxxx] In the so-called "wild expulsions" from Pomerelia, some 30,000 to forty,000 Shine people were evicted,[80] and from Full general Government (to German "reservations") some 171,000 Poles and Jews.[80] To create new colonial latifundia, 42% of annexed farms were demolished. Some iii one thousand thousand Poles were sent to perform slave labor in the Reich.[80] Additional 500,000 ethnic Poles were deported from Warsaw after the Warsaw uprising on top of 180,000 noncombatant casualties.[80] [83]

The expulsions were carried out so abruptly that the indigenous Germans resettled from Eastern Galicia, Volhynia and Romanian Bukovina were taking over Polish homes with half-eaten meals on tables and unmade beds where minor children had been sleeping at the fourth dimension of expulsions.[84] Members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were assigned the task of overseeing evictions to ensure that the Poles left behind virtually of their belongings for the employ of the settlers.[85] Himmler promised to eventually carry all Poles to Russia. He envisioned their ultimate stop by exposure, malnutrition and overwork possibly in the Pripet Marshes where all Poles were to die during the cultivation of the marshy swamps. Plans for the mass transportation and possible creation of slave labor camps for upwards to 20 1000000 Poles were as well made.[86]

Shine Resistance

The best example of Polish resistance, not aimed at hurting the Germans or achieving political aims merely at protecting the Poles, was the Zamość Uprising. Information technology was a rare situation where the politically anticommunist Home Army,[87] politically neutral Peasants' Battalions, communist People's Guard, and Soviet Partisans all worked together to protect the Poles from German language abuses, mainly forced expulsion, and from mass murder carried out past the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish people. The Insurgence greatly slowed the German expulsion of Poles and the area'south colonization with Germans. The Germans went so far as to create a buffer zone of villages populated by ethnic Ukrainians friendly to the Germans. The Smooth peasants were reluctant to join the armed resistance, just were forced to protect themselves.

Camps and ghettos

Stutthof concentration camp prepare in September 1939; the offset Nazi facility of its kind built outside of Germany; eventually 65,000 Smooth prisoners were murdered in the military camp

Nigh immediately post-obit the invasion, both Germany and the Soviet Spousal relationship began setting up camps in occupied Poland, which included Pow camps for some 230,672 Smoothen soldiers captured during the September entrada of 1939.[88] Within a short period of fourth dimension, the German zone of partitioned Poland became a virtual prison-isle with more than than 430 complexes of country organized terror. It is estimated that some five million Polish citizens went through them while serving the German language war economy.[88] The Occupation of Poland by Nazi Deutschland and the Soviet Union began in September 1939. The majority of l,000 Poles imprisoned at Mauthausen-Gusen were more often than not murdered in Gusen;[89] 150,000 at Auschwitz, twenty,000 at Sachsenhausen, 40,000 at Gross-Rosen;[xc] 17,000 at Neuengamme and 10,000 at Dachau. About 17,000 Polish women were murdered at Ravensbrück. A major concentration camp complex at Stutthof (east of Gdańsk), was launched no later than two September 1939 and existed till the end of the war with 39 subcamps. Information technology is estimated that 65,000 Poles were murdered there.[91] The total number of Shine nationals who were murdered in the camps, prisons and places of detention inside and exterior Poland exceeds ane,286,000.[88] There were special camps for children such equally the Potulice concentration camp, the Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt for Polish boys, and the forced-labour military camp for Polish girls at Dzierżązna (Dzierzazna).[92]

Auschwitz became the master concentration camp for Poles on 14 June 1940. By March 1941, 10,900 prisoners were registered at the military camp, most of them Gentile Poles. In September 1941, 200 ailing Polish prisoners along with 650 Soviet POWs, were murdered in the first gassing experiments with Zyklon-B. Beginning in 1942, Auschwitz'due south prisoner population became much more various, every bit Jews and other "enemies of the state" from all over German language-occupied Europe were deported to the expanding camp. Franciszek Piper, the primary historian of Auschwitz, estimates that 140,000 to 150,000 indigenous Poles were brought to that army camp between 1940 and 1945, and that seventy,000 to 75,000 were murdered there as victims of executions, human experimentation, forced starvation and disease.[93] [94] [95]

Czesława Kwoka-ane of many Polish children murdered in Auschwitz past the Nazis

Instances of pseudo medical experiments occurred. For example, 74 young Smoothen women were subjected to medical experiments on os and muscle transplantation, nervus regeneration and wound infection in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.[96] [97] Sulfanilamide experiments were conducted on Polish Catholic priests in Dachau. More than than 300 Polish priests were murdered in experiments or by torture.[98] [99]

Already in 1939, the Germans divided all Poles forth the ethnic lines. As function of the expulsion and slave labor program, Jews were singled out and separated from the rest of civilian population in the newly established ghettos. In smaller towns, ghettos served every bit staging points for mass deportations, while in the urban centers they became instruments of "ho-hum, passive murder" with rampant hunger and dead bodies littering the streets.[100] The ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods. The ethnic Poles and members of other groups were ordered to take upward residence elsewhere.[101]

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 kmii), or 7.two persons per room.[102] The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding near 160,000 inmates.[103] By the terminate of 1941, most of about 3.five million Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own go along, and no savings left to pay the SS for any further basic food deliveries.[104]

Forced labour

German notice from 30 September 1939 in occupied Poland, warning of the capital punishment for refusal to work during harvest

Łapanka – Polish noncombatant hostages captured by High german soldiers on the street, September 1939

In October 1939, the Nazis passed a decree on forced labour for Jews over the historic period of 12 and Poles over the age of fourteen living in the General Government.[105] Betwixt 1939 and 1945,[lxxx] some iii million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for slave labor, many of them teenage boys and girls. Although Germany besides used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles and other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures.[eighty] Polish laborers were compelled to piece of work longer hours for lower than the regular symbolic pay of Western Europeans. They were forced to article of clothing identifying imperial tags with "P"s sewn to their vesture, subjected to a curfew, and banned from public transportation. While the treatment of mill workers or farm easily oftentimes varied depending on the individual employer, in many cities Poles were forced to live in segregated barracks backside barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside piece of work were forbidden, and sexual relations ("racial defilement") were considered a capital crime punishable by death.[106] [107] During the state of war, hundreds of Smooth men were executed for their relations with German women.[108] Historian Jan Gross estimated "no more than fifteen per cent" of all the Poles who went to Germany did so voluntarily.[109]

Mass rapes were committed against Polish women and girls including during punitive executions of Polish citizens, before shooting of the women.[110] Additionally, big numbers of Polish women were routinely captured with the aim of forcing them into serving in German language military machine brothels.[111] Mass raids were conducted by the Nazis in many Smoothen cities with the express aim of capturing young women, later on forced to work in brothels attended by German language soldiers and officers.[111] Girls as young as 15 years old, who were ostensibly classified as "suitable for agronomical piece of work in Germany", were sexually exploited by German soldiers at their places of destination.[111]

Germanization

In Reichsgau Wartheland territories of occupied Greater Poland, the Nazi goal was a consummate Germanization of the land: i.e. the assimilation politically, culturally, socially and economically into the German Reich.[112] This did not mean the old style Germanization of the inhabitants – by teaching them the language and culture – but rather, the flooding of the Reichsgau with assumed pure Germans aided but by the fraction of those living there previously, near of whom were non ethnically German language.[113] In order to meet the imaginary targets, Gauleiter Albert Forster, in charge of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, had decided that the whole segments of Smoothen population are in fact ethnic German language, whilst expelling others.[114] This decision led to some two-thirds of the ethnic Polish population of the Gau existence defined as "Germans" for the first time in their lives.[114]

German Nazis airtight unproblematic schools where Polish was the language of instruction.[115] Streets and cities were renamed (Łódź became Litzmannstadt, etc.).[116] [117] Tens of thousands of Polish enterprises, from large industrial firms to pocket-sized shops, were seized from their owners.[118] In October 1939, the Nazi propaganda stated Poles, Jews, and Gypsies were subhumans.[119] Signs posted in front of those establishments warned: "Archway forbidden for Poles, Jews, and dogs." [120] The Nazi regime was less stringent in their treatment of the Kashubians in the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Everywhere, however, many thousands of people were forced to sign the Deutsche Volksliste, a racial documentation which the Nazis used to identify and requite priority to people of German heritage in occupied countries.[121]

Crimes against children

At to the lowest degree 200,000 children in occupied Poland were kidnapped by the Nazis to be subjected to forcible germanization (Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte).[122] These children were screened for "racially valuable traits"[123] and sent to special homes to be Germanized.[124] Later on racial tests, those deemed suitable, were then placed for adoption if the Germanization was effective, while children who failed the tests were mass murdered in medical experiments, concentration camps or sent to slave labor.[125] After the war, many of the kidnapped children found by Allied forces after the state of war had been utterly convinced that they were High german.[126]

Children of forced workers were brutally mistreated in Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers, where thousands of them were murdered outright or through calculated fail.[127] Many of the mothers who were unable to return to work later giving birth were murdered.[128] A camp for children and teenagers, Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt, ran from 1943 to 1944 in Łódz, with a sub-military camp for girls in Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship.

Cultural genocide

Every bit function of the Nazi plan to destroy Poland, the Germans engaged in cultural genocide in which they looted and so destroyed libraries, museums, scientific institutes and laboratories every bit well equally national monuments and historic treasures.[129] They closed down all universities, high schools, and engaged in systematic murder of Polish scholars, teachers and priests.[130] Millions of books were burned, including an estimated 80% of all school libraries, and three-quarters of all scientific libraries.[131] Shine children were forbidden from acquiring education beyond the simple level with the aim that the new generation of Polish leaders could not arise in the futurity.[130] According to a May 1940 memo from Heinrich Himmler: "The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, cypher above the number 500; writing 1's name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans. I exercise not call up that reading is desirable."[130] By 1941, the number of children attending uncomplicated schoolhouse in the General Government was one-half of the pre-war number.[38] The Poles responded with Tajne Nauczanie, the "Undercover Teaching" a entrada of underground education.

Indiscriminate executions

German public execution of Poles, Kraków, 26 June 1942

Ethnic Poles in Poland were targeted by the łapanka policy which German forces utilized to indiscriminately round up civilians off the street. In Warsaw, between 1942 and 1944, there were approximately 400 daily victims of łapanka. It is estimated that tens of thousands of these victims were murdered in mass executions, including an estimated 37,000 people at the Pawiak prison circuitous run by the Gestapo, and thousands of others murdered in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto.[132]

Extermination of hospital patients

In July 1939, a Nazi secret program chosen Action T4 was implemented whose purpose was to issue the extermination of psychiatric patients. During the High german invasion of Poland, the program was put into practice on a massive calibration in the occupied Polish territories.[133] Typically, all patients, accompanied past soldiers from special SS detachments, were transported by trucks to the extermination sites. The kickoff actions of this type took identify at a large psychiatric hospital in Kocborowo on 22 September 1939 (Gdańsk region), as well as in Gniezno and in Kościan.[134]

The total number of psychiatric patients murdered by the Nazis in occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945 is estimated to exist more than 16,000. An boosted 10,000 patients were murdered by starvation. Approximately 100 of the 243 members of the Polish Psychiatric Clan met the aforementioned fate as their patients.[134]

Execution of patients by firing team and by revolver included 400 patients of a psychiatric infirmary in Chełm on 1 February 1940[134] and from Owińska. In Pomerania, they were transported to a military machine fortress in Poznań and gassed with carbon monoxide in the bunkers of Fort 7,[134] including children equally well as women whom the authorities classified as Smoothen prostitutes.[134] Other Owińska infirmary patients were gassed in sealed trucks using exhaust fumes. The same method was utilized in the Kochanówka hospital most Łódz, where 840 persons were murdered in 1940, totalling 1,126 victims in 286 clinics.[135]

This was the first "successful" test of the mass murder of Poles using gas. This technique was later on perfected on many other psychiatric patients in Poland and in Germany; starting in 1941, the technique was widely employed in the extermination camps. Nazi gas vans were too showtime used in 1940 to murder mentally ill Polish children.[136]

In 1943, the SS and Constabulary Leader in Poland, Wilhelm Koppe, ordered more than 30,000 Shine patients suffering from tuberculosis to be exterminated as the then-called "wellness hazard" to the General Authorities. They were murdered mostly at the Chełmno extermination military camp.[137]

Persecution of the Catholic Church building

Bydgoszcz 1939 Smooth priests and civilians at the Sometime Market, 9 September 1939

Sir Ian Kershaw wrote that, in Hitler's scheme for the Germanization of Central and Eastern Europe, there would exist no place for the Christian Churches.[138]

Historically, the church had been a leading force in Smooth nationalism against foreign domination, thus the Nazis targeted clergy, monks and nuns in their terror campaigns—both for their resistance activity and their cultural importance.[139] Of the cursory period of military control from 1 September 1939 – 25 October 1939, Davies wrote: "co-ordinate to ane source, 714 mass executions were carried out, and 6,376 people, mainly Catholics, were shot. Other put the death toll in one boondocks alone at 20,000. It was a gustation of things to come up."[140] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1811 Polish priests were murdered in Nazi concentration camps.[141]

Nazi policy towards the Church building was at its well-nigh severe in the territories it annexed to Greater Germany, where the Nazis set nigh systematically dismantling the Church building – arresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents. Many clergymen were murdered.[142] [143]

The Catholic Church was suppressed in the annexed territory of Reichsgau Wartheland more than harshly than elsewhere.[144] In the Wartheland, regional leader Arthur Greiser, with the encouragement of Reinhard Heydrich and Martin Bormann, launched a severe attack on the Catholic Church. Its backdrop and funds were confiscated, and lay organisations shut down. Evans wrote that "Numerous clergy, monks, diocesan administrators and officials of the Church were arrested, deported to the General Government, taken off to a concentration camp in the Reich, or just shot. Altogether some 1700 Polish priests concluded upwardly at Dachau: half of them did not survive their imprisonment." Greiser's administrative chief August Jager had earlier led the endeavor at Nazification of the Evangelical Church in Prussia.[145] In Poland, he earned the nickname "Kirchen-Jager" (Church building-Hunter) for the vehemence of his hostility to the Church.[146]

"By the end of 1941", wrote Evans, "the Polish Catholic Church building had been effectively outlawed in the Wartheland. It was more than or less Germanized in the other occupied territories, despite an encyclical issued by the Pope as early equally 27 October 1939 protesting against this persecution."[144] [147] The Germans also closed seminaries and convents persecuting monks and nuns throughout Poland.[148] In Pomerania, all but xx of the 650 priests were shot or sent to concentration camps. Between 1939 and 1945, 2,935 members[149] of the Shine clergy (xviii%[150]) were murdered in concentration camps. In the city of Włocławek, 49% of its Cosmic priests were murdered; in Chełmno, 48%. One hundred and 8 of them are regarded equally blessed martyrs. Among them, Maximilian Kolbe, who volunteered to dice at Auschwitz in place of a stranger, was in 1982 canonized every bit a saint.

The destruction of Polish Jewry (1941–43)

The Holocaust in German-occupied Poland involved the implementation of German language Nazi policy of systematic and mostly successful murder of the indigenous Smooth Jewish population, whom the Nazis regarded as "subhuman" (Untermenschen).[151] Between the 1939 invasion of Poland, and the end of World State of war Ii, over 90% of Polish Jewry was murdered. Six extermination camps (Auschwitz, Belzec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka) were established in which the mass murder of millions of Polish Jews and diverse other groups, was carried out between 1942 and 1944. The camps were designed and operated by Nazi Germans and at that place were no Polish guards at whatsoever of them. Of Poland'due south prewar Jewish population of 3.v million, simply about l,000–120,000 Jews survived the war.[152] [153]

1944 devastation of Warsaw

Polish civilians murdered by German SS troops, during the Warsaw Uprising, August 1944

During the suppression of the 1944 Uprising in Warsaw, German forces committed many atrocities against Polish civilians, post-obit the order by Hitler to level the metropolis. The about notorious massacre took place in Wola where, at the beginning of Baronial 1944, betwixt forty and l,000 civilians (men, women, and children) were shot, sexually assaulted and tortured by the Einsatzkommando of the Sicherheitspolizei under Heinz Reinefarth'south command and the amnestied High german criminals from Dirlewanger. Other similar massacres took place in the areas of Śródmieście (City Heart), Stare Miasto (One-time Town) and Marymont districts. In Ochota, an orgy of noncombatant killings, rape and looting was carried out past Russian collaborators of RONA. After the fall of Stare Miasto, during the beginning of September, 7,000 seriously wounded infirmary patients were executed or burnt alive, often with the medical staff caring for them. Similar atrocities took place later in the Czerniaków commune and after the autumn of Powiśle and Mokotów districts.[154] [155]

Until the end of September 1944, Polish resistance fighters were not considered by Germans equally combatants; thus, when captured, they were summarily executed. Ane hundred sixty-five one thousand surviving civilians were sent to labour camps, and 50,000 were shipped to concentration camps,[156] while the ruined metropolis was systematically demolished. Neither Reinefarth nor Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski were ever tried for their crimes committed during the suppression of the uprising.[157] (The Smooth request for extradition of amnestied Wilhelm Koppe from Germany was also refused.[158])

Run across also

  • Anti-Shine sentiment
  • Bialystok Ghetto Insurgence
  • Chronicles of Terror
  • Consequences of Nazism
  • Czestochowa Ghetto Uprising
  • Generalplan Ost
  • Genocide
  • German language-occupied Europe
  • Gestapo-NKVD Conferences 1939-1940
  • Ghetto Litzmannstadt
  • Hans Frank
  • Intelligenzaktion
  • Intelligenzaktion Pommern
  • The Holocaust in occupied Poland
  • Gas van
  • Holocaust victims
  • Kraków Ghetto
  • Medallions past Zofia Nalkowska
  • Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
  • Polish decrees
  • Shine resistance movement in World State of war II
  • Polish Hugger-mugger Land
  • Porajmos (the "Romani genocide" or "Romani holocaust")
  • Racial policy of Nazi Federal republic of germany
  • Sexual slavery by Germany during World War II
  • Soviet repressions of Shine citizens (1939–46)
  • Special Prosecution Volume-Poland (Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen)
  • Territorial changes of Poland
  • Valley of Expiry (Bydgoszcz)
  • War rape by High german forces during World War Two
  • World War 2 casualties of Poland
  • Zdzięcioł Ghetto

Quotes

  1. ^ a b Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression nether two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
    - Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface. : "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Practice tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (westward tym na samym Wolyniu ok. threescore tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli Two Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega two,7– ii,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and once more from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Smoothen population nether the German language occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including near 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the 2nd Polish Republic, murdered past the Germans amounts to ii.vii–2.9 million people."
    - Waldemar Grabowski. High german and Soviet occupation. Primal problems. : "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are hard to calculate."
    Note: Shine losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 one thousand thousand ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and nearly 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belorussian ethnicity.
  2. ^ "Executions took place in front and in the courtyard of the townhall; behind the offices of the Wydzial Techniczny Zarzadu Miejskiego; at the New Market Square (currently Daszynski Foursquare); inside the Church of sw. Zygmunta; at Strazacka street in front of the Brass' Works; and at the Cathedral Square besides as within the Cathedral". Quote from "Tablica przy ul. Olsztynskiej upamietniajaca ofiary 'krwawego poniedzialku'" [Plaque at Olsztynska Street commemorating Bloody Monday in Czestochowa]. Virtualny Sztetl. Museum of the History of Shine Jews. Retrieved 25 January 2014. . See also Gilbert 1990, p. 87.

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References

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  • USHMM, Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era. Holocaust Teacher Resources Eye. Retrieved ten Oct 2013.

Coordinates: 52°13′Northward 21°00′E  /  52.217°N 21.000°East  / 52.217; 21.000

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation

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